SOFTWARE CANGGIH UNTUK MENCARI UANG DI INTERNET & DUNIA KERJAHallo rekan-rekan Netter,Berikut ini software CANGGIH & E-book GRATIS yang dibutuhkan untuk optimalisasi mendapatkan uang di internet & mencari pekerjaan:1. Software Pencari Alamat Email2. Software Pelacak Asal Alamat Email3. Software Pemeriksa Valid/Tidaknya Alamat Email4. Software Pengirim Email Massal (Mailbomber)· Setelah anda mendapat daftar alamat email valid, tentunya anda ingin mengirimkannyadengan cepat sehingga akan menghemat waktu, tenaga dan biaya. Untuk itu anda butuhsoftware yang dapat mengirim ribuan email dengan hanya sekali klik. Software ini dapatmengirimkan ribuan email secara personalisasi, bisa juga dengan melampirkan attachment file.5. Software Pengirim Iklanbaris Massal (Disarankan)· Inginkah Anda memiliki satu software khusus, yang mampu mengirimkan iklan Anda ke ratusan bahkan ribuan situs iklan baris sekaligus hanya dalam waktu 1 klik saja. Anda hanyaperlu mengetikkan isi iklan Anda 1 x saja, lalu pilih iklan baris mana yang ingin Andakirimkan, dan... satu klik terakhir akan langsung mengirimkan iklan Anda ke semua iklanbaris yang Anda pilih!6. Software IP Ad Web Sender7. Software Utk Nge-Buzz, Nge-Boot, Nge-Clone PM lawan Chat diYM8. Software Search Engine Rangking (disarankan)· Software bisnis untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis posisi dan rangking website anda di search engine.9. Software [b]Easy Site Submit (disarankan)· Software untuk mendaftarkan website anda ke 40 search engine ternama dalam 1 klik saja.10. Software Banner Maker11. Software File Splitter12. Software Pembuat Cover Ebook13. Pop Up Generator· Segala yang anda butuhkan untuk merancang dan memasang windows pop up di websiteanda. Gunakan pop ups untuk meningkatkan rasio penjualan dan pendaftar mailing list anda.14. Software Penghapus Password File ebook/PDF15. Software Pencari Password File WINZIP16. Software Pencari Password File Microsoft Office XP17. Software Pencari Password File WINRAR18. Software Pencari Password File Archive19. Software Mempercepat Kinerja Modem Koneksi Internet· Modem Anda speednya standard 56kbps tapi kenyataannya hanya dibawah 40 atau 50kbps, tapi dengan software ini, fungsi modem Anda bisa di optimalkan speed-nya menjadilebih cepat.20. Software Koneksi Internet Cepat (ADSL Speed)· Software ini bisa digunakan untuk mendongkrak kecepatan internet explorer saat Andadownload atau browsing situs yang mempunyai gambar atau file yang berkapasitas besar.21. Software agar Akses Internet Anda tidak terputus-putus22. Software Utk Mengkonversi file Ms Office ke File PDF/ sebaliknya23. Software Untuk Menganalisa Keefektifan Website atauIklan Yang Telah Anda Pasang di Iklan Baris Intenet24. Software Game "Who Want To Be Millionaire" Versi Indonesia25. Software Billing Internet26. Software Validasi Nomor Kartu Kredit27. Software Utk Menyalin Seluruh Website Dgn Sekali Klik28. Software Ramalan Horoskop29. Software Al-Qur'an Digital30. Software ZoneAlarm 5.0.590.01531. Software FreeRAM XP Pro 1.332. Software PC Inspector File Recovery 3.033. Software PrayAlert Personal Edition 1.3.101534. Software PRAMBooster 1.635. Software Subseven: Firewall 1.036. Software Ad-aware 6.037. Software Ad Blocker 4Google2 2.3.338. Software Mozilla Firefox 1.039. Software FxFoto 2.0.04340. Software Download ManagerBonus Ebook :E-book Why We Want You To be Rich"By Robert T. Kiyosaki & Donald Trump (408 Hal - Versi Bhs. Indonesia)E-book "Rich Dad, Poor DadBy Robert T. Kiyosaki (238 Hal - Versi Bhs. Indonesia)E-book "The Da vinci Code" By Dan Brown (632 Hal - Versi Bhs. Indonesia)E-book Harry Potter and the Order Of Vol.5 By J.K. Rowling (1200 Hal - Versi Bhs. Indonesia)E-book Harry Potter dan Pangeran Berdarah Campuran" Vol.6 By J.K. Rowling Hal - Indonesia)Bonus Tambahan "16 E-book Cerdas"01. E-book "Tips & Tricks Carding"02. E-book "Apa itu Ebook?"03. E-book "Cara Membuat Ebook?"04. E-book "Tips Otomotif"05. E-book "Kumpulan Tips Dunia Kerja"06. E-book "Kumpulan Resep Makanan"07. E-book "cerita Misteri Rumah Tua"08. E-book "cerita Petualangan Ali dan Ayahnya"09. E-book "Kumpulan Humor Terbaik"10. E-book "Kumpulan Cerita Menarik"11. E-book "Tips and Trik Windows"12. E-book "Tips and Trik Registry"13. E-book "Rahasia Akses Internet dengan Biaya Termurah"14. E-book "Membajak Isi Ponsel Orang Lain"15. E-book " Mencari Uang Dengan Hanya Menonton Televisi "16. E-book " Cara Menghemat belanja hingga 70% "
Diposting oleh NYARI DOLLAR di 02:51 0 komentar
Sabtu, 2007 Agustus 04
Mendulang Dollar dengan Google Adsense
Mendulang Dollar dengan Google Adsense
Google Adsense, program affiliasi untuk bisnis internet yang sangat popular di dunia online saat ini. Semua orang bisa berpartisipasi menjadi pengiklan bagi google dengan syarat mudah dan cepat, cukup dengan menempatkan iklan-iklan google di situs mereka. Dengan metode komisi pay per click (PPC), menghasilkan uang dari google metodenya jauh lebih sederhana dan sangat liquid, beda dengan affiilasi lainnya, yang mengharuskan kita menjual sesuatu baru mendapatkan komisi. Google Adsense telah membawa revolusi baru dalam bisnis internet, pogram ini telah menghasilkan jutawan online tanpa harus mencari investor-investor besar seperti yang biasa dilakukan perusahaan-perusahaan dot com dari Silicon valley.
Apa itu Google Adwords dan Google Adsense,
Sebelum mengenal lebih juga tentang Google Adsense, sedikit terlebih dahulu akan diulas Google Adwords yang merupakan cikal bakal kelahiran Google Adsense. Google Adwords adalah program periklanan yang ditawarkan google kepada para pemilik situs yang ingin mempromosikan situsnya, dengan cara menampilkan link situs pengiklan di hasil pencarian untuk kata kunci (keyword) tertentu.
Contoh : jika kita melakukan pencarian di google dengan kata kunci welding misalnya, maka selain hasil pencarian, di bagian seperempat di sebelah kanan akan muncul Sponsored Link / Pesan Sponsor.
Tentu saja, para pemasang iklan akan dikenakan sejumlah biaya tergantung dari kepopuleran kata kunci yang dipilihnya.
Namun Google menyadari, meskipun dia sekarang ini menjadi search engine nomor satu di dunia, tidak semua pengguna internet di dunia yang memakai google sebagai mesin pencari, sehingga iklan di google adwords, belum mampu menjangkau seluruh pengguna internet, oleh karena itu mereka menawarkan kepada pemilik situs untuk memasang iklan google adwords di situs mereka dengan pola bagi hasil yang disebut Google Adsense . Jika ada seseorang yang mengunjung situs peserta adsense dan mengklik iklan yang ada di situs tersebut, maka pemilik situs akan mendapat komisi dari google, metode pembayaran komisi seperti ini biasa disebut dengan nama pay per click (PPC).
Berapa banyak komisi yang Diterima?
Komisi yang didapatkan tergantung iklan yang ditempatkan di situs kita. Google sendiri akan menempatkan iklan sesuai dengan isi/content situs . Harga Pay per click sendiri ditentukan oleh seberapa mahal kata kunci tersebut dihargai oleh pemasang iklan Adwords, misalnya kata kunci welding mungkin cuma dihargai 0.5 dolar per klik, tetapi kata kunci insurance misalnya bisa dihargai hingga 30 dolar per klik. Kata-kata kunci yang bernilai tinggi inilah yang disebut dengan High Paying Keyword (HPK). Situs-situs dengan topik spesifik untuk kata kunci (keyword) tertentu disebut situs niche. (contoh situs niche http://www.welding-engineering.com/ dengan topic welding).
Bayangkan jika kita bisa membuat situs yang dikunjungi 1000 orang per hari , dan asumsikan ada 10% yang mengklik iklan dengan komisi 1 dolar per klik, maka dalam sehari situs itu sudah menghasilkan 100 dolar/hari atau 3000 dolar per bulan. Lumayan kan, jauh lebih tinggi dari gaji fresh graduate. Seandainya punya 10 situs serupa, hitung aja sendiri penghasilannya. Di Indonesia sendiri, sudah ada beberapa orang yang meraih komisi diatas 10.000 dolar per bulan, yang dapat ribuan dolar sudah banyak, apalagi yang cuma ratusan.
Di Amerika sendiri, banyak yang sudah mendapat ratusan ribu bahkan jutaan dolar, seperti situs plentyoffish. com ( perjodohan) atau digg.com ( berita) atau ezinearticles. com, hebatnya rata-rata situs mereka bukan lahir dari perusahaan-perusahaan besar silicon valley ( seperti yahoo, google, etc), tapi dari rumahan, ya dari rumah dengan modal PC yang terkoneksi ke internet.
Bagaimana cara ikutan Program Google Adsense?
Dari keterangan yang saya sebutkan di atas, tentu saja untuk ikut program ini, yang harus kita punya adalah situs untuk meletakkan iklan, kalau berdagang, situs ibarat toko, dan iklan adalah barang dagangannya. Setelah punya situs dengan topik/niche tertentu (e.g. education, consultant, farm, etc), kita bisa apply di google.com/adsense , lakukan registrasi, kemudian google akan mereview situs kita, jika memenuhi syarat dan diterima, google akan memberikan kode-kode html yang bisa kita masukkan di situs kita. Jadi deh… simple kan…?
Eiits… tunggu dulu, bagaimana kalau yang gak ngerti bikin situs… ? .. jangan khawatir, untuk pemula buat aja blog (kalau ini pasti sudah banyak yang ngerti), blog juga bisa dipasangi adsense. Bagi pemula berikut langkah-langkah membuat blog adsense (prosesnya gak lebih dari sejam):
Tentukan topik blog yang akan dibuat ( misal. self development. music, education. etc).
Buat blog di blogger.com, kenapa harus blogger, karena blogger masih punya google, jadi lebih gampang untuk di approve, jka sudah expert bisa pakai yang lain.
Cari artikel tentang topik yang sudah dipilih, ( cari aja google, banyak, bisa diedit, atau langsung copy paste tapi tentu dengan mencantumkan sumbernya), posting artikel di blog 10-15 posting, kemudian baru melamar untuk ikutan program adsense via situs google.com/adsense
Setelah lamaran diterima, kita dikasih account yang isinya macam2, diantaranya report jumlah klik dan komisi yang kita peroleh, disitu juga kode2 html yang tinggal yang tinggal di copy paste ke situs kita. Untuk di blogger caranya gampang banget, tinggal tambahin page element, kemudian klik add html/javascript, copy-kan adsense kode disitu. Jadi deh.
Remark: untuk waktu approval dari google, tergantung situs, bisa langsung approve, atau sehari malah kadang lebih.
Ada beberapa macam type iklan di google, namun yang umum dipakai adalah adsense for content dan adsense for search .
Ibarat jualan, toko sudah jadi, isi toko sudah ada, sekarang apa?… yah tinggal cari pembeli, ini tahap yang agak berat dan butuh waktu. Percuma kita punya toko tanpa ada yang beli. Yang disebut pembeli yaitu pengunjung situs kita, atau di dunia online umum disebut sebagai traffic. Semakin banyak traffic situs kita, berarti semakin tinggi kemungkinan iklan di klik dan semakin banyak komisi yang kita terima.
Nah untuk hal ini, bagaimana cara meningkatkan traffic ke situs kita secara general ada banyak cara untuk mendapatkan traffic, salah satu contohnya adalah mendapatkan traffic gratis dengan search engine. Contoh kembali lagi ke awal, jika kita mengetikkan kata kunci welding di google, ada lebih dari 30 juta hasil pencarian (gambar 1). Mana yang paling mungkin dibuka para pengunjung? ya halaman terdepan dong. Jika situs kita muncul di halaman pertama akan sangat bagus, halaman kedua atau ketiga masih OK-lah, tapi bagaimana jika di halaman 20?… siapa yang mau liat ..
Tentu semua adsenser ingin situs niche-nya akan muncul di halaman awal di hasil pencarian di google, bagaimana agar situs kita muncul di halaman awal?.. caranya adalah dengan Search Engine Optimization (SEO), apa itu SEO, akan saya lanjutkan di artikel berikutnya.DOWNLOAD ARTIKEL LENGKAP (PDF):
Diposting oleh NYARI DOLLAR di 19:04 0 komentar
CEK Adsense
Apakah ini Dapat Dipercaya ?
Apakah ini Dapat Dipercaya ?Google.com adalah search engine ternama di dunia saingan Yahoo.com. Sudah begitu terkenalnya nama kedua penyedia portal dan search engine tersebut, yang berarti mereka berkualitas, dapat diandalkan, terpercaya dan pasti mereka juga akan menjaga kualitas pelayanan mereka.Hal ini sangat pentingnya tentunya bagi Anda dalam memilih program bisnis manapun. Seberapa pun menggiurkannya income yang ditawarkan tetapi bila :perusahaan yang menyelenggarakan ‘meragukan’, kurang bonafide, tidak dapat dipercaya, pelayanan tidak sesuai janji, maka Anda tentu tidak akan mau, bukan ?Jadi untuk bagian pertama ini, Anda boleh merasa aman, bahkan sangat aman…income Anda tidak akan hilang. Jika demikian, tidak ada alasan bagi Anda untuk tidak memilih Adsense.Kalau demikian, kita akan melangkah ke pertanyaan-pertanyaan berikutnya yang biasa ditanyakan seseorang sebelum dia bergabung ::: Apakah program ini berlaku internasional ?Ya!Google sangat fair dalam hal ini, siapapun dan dari negara manapun dapat memperoleh account adsense. Tidak seperti beberapa layanan e-commerce lain yang ‘menganak-tirikan’ Indonesia.:: Dengan apakah saya dibayar ?Anda akan dibayar dengan check (dalam US dollar) yang dikirim langsung ke alamat anda (dengan kurir yang sangat aman tentunya) dan bisa anda uangkan di bank mana saja.:: Sulitkah saya mendapatkan account Adsense ?Sama sekali tidak.Asal Anda mempunyai website / blog dengan bahasa yang mendukung Adsense (Inggris, Jerman, Spanyol, Turki, Rusia, Cina, Jepang, Korea, dan beberapa lainnya .. bahasa Indonesia tidak diperkenankan):: Saya tidak bisa menulis dalam bahasa Inggris, bagaimana bisa ?Jangan kuatir … AdsenseGallery.com menyediakan ribuan halaman web berbahasa Inggris. Anda tidak perlu menulis apa-apa lagi!:: Saya tidak mengerti membuat website.Sama sekali tidak sesulit yang Anda bayangkan … AdsenseGallery.com memberikan petunjuk dan cara-cara yang mudah dimengerti, Anda pasti bisa melakukannya … bacalah ebook ini sampai selesai.Bagaimana…apakah pertanyaan Anda sudah terjawab ? Tampaknya tidak ada kesulitan lagi bagi Anda untuk mempunyai Website Adsense anda. Jangan ragu lagi untuk segera bergabung, miliki website Adsense dan hasilkan income!Salam suksesMukti Effendimuktiplaza.online@gmail.comDisadur dari ebook "TEROBOSAN INOVATIF GOOGLE ADSENSE" Jika anda berminat memilikinya silahkan kunjungi
Posted by onlinebusiness at 12:09 PM 0 comments
Apa itu Adsense ? Apa itu Adsense ?Adsense adalah program penyedia iklan ( ad = advertisement ) dari google.com yang benar-benar "make sense", yaitu bisa memberikan hasil yang sangat tinggi ( beberapa orang mendapatkan ribuan dollar perbulan dari Adsense )Ini adalah terobosan dan peluang oke dalam memproleh income. Mengapa? Karena biasanya kita harus menjual terlebih dulu baru mendapatkan uang. Atau bila anda join dengan program networking ( Mis : MLM ), maka paling tidak anda harus merekrut member dulu.Tapi untuk layanan adsense, anda akan mendapatkan uang tanpa meminta orang lain membeli atau bergabung di jaringan anda. Dengan kata lain, orang tersebut tidak perlu mengeluarkan uang.Tugas anda hanya mendatangkan sebanyak mungkin orang ke situs anda dan akan dibayar jika ada pengunjung meng - KLIK iklan google yang anda pasang di website anda. Ya... hanya dengan meng-KLIK.... mereka tidak harus membeli produk apa-apa... merekapun tidak membayar meski mengklik berapa banyakpun.Tentu tidak ada susahnya meng-klik sesuatu. Pengunjung akan klik iklan google yang anda pasang karena dia menginginkan informasi lebih jauh ... dia tidak dirugikan apa-apa... malah keinginannya mendapat informasi bisa terpenuhi.Bahkan dengan layanan Adsense, Anda juga bisa menawarkan pada pengunjung anda untuk mendapatkan sofware gratis. Pengunjung tentu senang mendapat sofware gratis dan andapun dibayar oleh google ketika pengunjung tersebut mendownload, menginstal dan memekai sofware tersebut.Sesederhana itu! Lalu bagaimana cara kita mendapatkan layanan adsense atau mendaftar Adsense?GAMPANG KOK!!!Anda dapat join atau mendapatkan account Adsense dengan gratis... tanpa membayar sepeserpun. Jika demikian, dari mana google bisa membayar saya?Tentu dari keuntungan Google pada layanan lain, sehingga ada timbal baliknya. Google juga meluncurkan layanan Google Adwords... layanan di mana kita bisa memasang iklan di Google.comAnda sering search memakai Google? jika nada memasukkan kata atau frasa di kolom search, maka segera keluar situs-situs yang memakai kata atau frasa tersebut bukan?Perhatikan juga bahwa di sebelah kanan halaman hasil pencarian tersebut terdapat beberapa iklan yang berhubungan dengan pencarian tersebut. Itulah iklan Adwords.Para pemasang Adwords tentu harus membayar. Mereka dikenakan bayaran per-1000 kali tayang ( disebut CPM = Cost Per 1000 Impression, atau kalau ada seseorang yang klik iklan mereka ( disebut CPC = Cost Per Click ).Banyak dari pemasang iklan berani membayar HARGA TINGGI agar iklan mereka tampil di Google. Bahkan iklan mereka bukan saja tampil di halaman hasil pencarian Google tapi juga di situs-situs anggota google ( yang mendaftar Google Adsense ) dan bahkan di email Gmail Anda! ( lihat di webmail gmail Anda, perhatikan di sebelah kanan surat.)Jika anda mendaftar account Google Adsense maka Anda akan menerima sejumlah iklan Adwords tersebut di web site Anda. Ini berarti Anda membantu Google memperoleh income bukan? Maka sudah sepatutnya Google membayar Anda juga.Mereka yang mempunyai account Adsense dan menampilkan iklan-iklan Google sebagai Adsense Publisher. Sedangkan mereka yang beriklan lewat layanan Adwords disebut Advertiser.Nah bagi anda yang akan segera mendulang dollar dari google anda dan akan mendaftar silahkan klik banner di samping :Salam sukses
Diposting oleh NYARI DOLLAR di 18:48 0 komentar
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DRAG RACING
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This article needs additional citations for verification.Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2007)
Drag racing is a sport in which cars or motorcycles race down a track with a set distance as fast as possible.
While usually thought of as an American and Canadian pastime, drag racing is also very popular in Australia, New Zealand, Japan, the Caribbean in particular Aruba, Mexico, Greece, Malta, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and Scandinavian countries especially Finland and Sweden. At any given time there are over 325 drag strips operating world-wide[citation needed].
Contents[hide]
1 Basics of drag racing
2 Racing organization
3 Drag racing performance facts
4 Drag racing strategies and methods
4.1 The burnout
4.2 Staging
4.3 The tree
4.4 The race
5 Glossary
6 References
7 External links
//
[edit] Basics of drag racing
A drag race pits two vehicles against each other over a straight, measured distance from a standing start. The standard distances are either a quarter-mile (1,320 feet/402.3 m) or an eighth-mile (660 feet/201 m). A standard drag racing event involves several classes, each competing in their own single-elimination tournament of head-to-head races.
Before each race (also known as a "pass"), each driver is allowed to perform a burnout (which heats the tires and lays rubber down at the beginning of the track, improving traction), then lines up (or "stages") at the starting line. Informal drag races can be started by any means, including flag-waving and arm-dropping. Professional drag races are started electronically, with a series of vertically-arranged lights known as a Christmas Tree. A Christmas Tree consists of a column of lights for each driver/lane. In each column, the top two lights are small amber lights connected to light beams on the track, which when broken by the vehicle's front tire(s) indicate that the driver has pre-staged (approximately 7 inches from the starting line) and then staged (at the starting line).[1]
Below the staging lights are three large amber lights, a green light, and a red light. When both drivers are staged, the tree is activated to start the race, which causes the three large amber lights to illuminate, followed by the green light. There are two standard light sequences: Either the three amber lights flash simultaneously, followed 0.4 seconds later by the green light (a "Pro" tree), or the amber lights light in sequence from top to bottom, 0.5 seconds apart, followed 0.5 seconds later by the green light (a "Sportsman" or full tree). If the driver leaves the starting line before the green light illuminates, the red light for that driver's lane illuminates instead, indicating disqualification.
Several measurements are taken for each race: reaction time, elapsed time, and speed. Reaction time is the time from the green light illuminating to the vehicle leaving the starting line. Elapsed time is the time from the vehicle leaving the starting line to crossing the finish line. Speed is measured through a speed trap near the finish line, indicating the approximate maximum speed of the vehicle during the run.
The winner is the first vehicle to cross the finish line (and therefore the driver with the lowest total reaction time + elapsed time). The elapsed time is a measure of performance only; it does not, per se, determine the winner. Because elapsed time does not include reaction time, a car with a faster elapsed time can actually lose the race if the driver does not react to the green light fast enough. In practice, it is advantageous for the driver to "jump the gun" by a fraction of a second, starting the car during the split-second interval between when the yellow light goes out and the green light goes on. However, if the car leaves the front light beam before the green light comes on, the driver has "red-lighted" (because the red light is lit on the Christmas Tree) and should no further fouls happen during the race, is disqualified. Once a driver commits a red-light foul, the other driver can also commit a foul start by leaving the line too early but would win because he or she would leave the line slower. A driver who gets a substantial lead at the start is said to have gotten a "holeshot". A win where a driver wins a race with a higher elapsed time but lower reaction time is known as a "holeshot win".
It is also possible for a driver to be disqualified for other infractions, depending on the rules of the race, including crossing the centerline between lanes, touching a wall, striking a track fixture, failing to stage, failing a tech inspection, or running faster than expected/allowed for the assigned class.
In the common Eliminator racing format, the losing vehicle and driver are removed from the contest, while the winner goes on to race other winners, until only one is left. In cases where a driver has no opponent for a round, the driver makes a solo pass or "bye run" (in order to at least partially eliminate the advantage that would otherwise come from the engine having one less run on it) to advance to the next round. In most Eliminator formats, the bye runs take place only in the first round. On bye runs, some drivers may choose to drive slowly so as not to stress the car unduly, though choice of lane in the each round is often determined by time in the previous round, making this strategy possibly detrimental. Unlike the NHRA, many European events feature a consolation race where the losers of the semifinal rounds race for third place, the final spot on the podium, and standings points.
During drag racing events, vehicles are classified by various criteria that take into account the extent of modifications to the car. These criteria include engine capacity, configuration of cylinders, frame type, vehicle construction materials, wheelbase, horsepower to weight ratio, number of cylinders, whether or not power adding devices such as turbochargers, superchargers or nitrous oxide are employed, vehicle type (such as car, truck, et cetera), or even make and model for limited entry fields. The aforementioned divisions are in place to ensure that the cars are evenly matched during the race. (not all of these can apply)
Drag racing vehicles are special in that they are modified to be lighter and more powerful than in their standard form. A lighter vehicle means that the power-to-weight ratio is increased and hence a greater acceleration will be achieved. Power increases vary depending on the extent of the modifications to the engine.
Flopper with body up. Note single-plug heads.
[edit] Racing organization
The National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) oversees the majority of drag racing events in North America. The next largest organization, Live Nation's International Hot Rod Association (IHRA), is about one-third the size of NHRA. Nearly all drag strips are associated with one sanctioning body or the other. The NHRA is more popular with large, 1/4th mile nationally-recognized tracks, while the IHRA is a favorite of smaller 1/8th mile local tracks (and offers selected races on their national tour under the 1/8th mile format. One reason for this (among others) is the IHRA is less restrictive in its rules, such as rules on nitrous oxide (legal in Pro Modified) and oversized engines (no 8.2 liter / 500cid engine restriction in the IHRA's Pro Stock category) and less expensive to be associated, as the IHRA is part of a publicly traded company.
Prior To the founding of the NHRA and IHRA smaller organizations sanctioned drag racing in the early years. The first commercially sanctioned drag race on the east coast was reputed to have been held at Longview Speedway (now Old Dominion Speedway) in Manassas, VA. Old Dominion Speedway is currently sanctioned by the SBRA (Southern Bracket Racing Association).
Caterpiller-sponsored dragster. Note wide slicks and high-mounted wing, to assist traction.
There are literally hundreds of different classes in drag racing, each with different requirements and restrictions on things such as weight, engine size, body style, modifications, and many others. NHRA and IHRA share some of these classes, but many are solely used by one sanctioning body or the other. The NHRA boasts over 200 classes, while the IHRA has fewer. Some IHRA classes have multiple sub-classes in them to differentiate by engine components and other features. There is even a class for aspiring youngsters - Junior Dragster.
In 1997, the FIA (cars) and UEM (bikes) began sanctioning drag racing in Europe with a fully established European Drag Racing Championship, in cooperation (and rules compliance) with NHRA. The major European drag strips include Santa Pod Raceway in Podington, England, Alastaro Circuit, Finland, Mantorp Park, Sweden, Gardermoen Raceway, Norway and the Hockenheimring in Germany.
However, there are only 5 pro classes in North America (4 NHRA, 4 IHRA), which are:
Top Fuel Dragster (TF/D) (NHRA and IHRA). The rail dragsters, or "diggers", the fastest class-- up to 90% nitromethane fuel is used.
Top Fuel Funny Car (TF/FC) (NHRA and IHRA) Nearly as fast as the diggers, the "floppers" (marginally) resemble actual cars. IHRA will be bringing back Top Fuel Funny Car in 2006, and Top Alcohol Funny Car (A/FC) is already a pro category in IHRA.
Pro Modified (Pro Mod) Some engine restrictions, very high power. Cars can run superchargers or nitrous oxide. Cars running blowers are limited to 8.6 L (527 cubic inches) while cars with nitrous oxide can run up to 12.1 L (740 cubic inches).
Pro Stock (NHRA and IHRA) Must maintain stock appearance. NHRA cars can run no more than 8.2 L (500 cubic inches) while IHRA cars can run a maximum of 13.4 L (820 cubic inches) ("Mountain Motors").
Pro Stock Bike (NHRA only) Heavily modified motorcycles.
Altered Vision, a modern, long-wheelbase fuellie altered
In addition to the professional classes, these are some other popular classes:
Top Alcohol Dragster
Pro FWD
Super Comp/Quick Rod
Super Gas/Super Rod
Super Street/Hot Rod
Super Stock
Stock
Sport Compact
Top Sportsman (NHRA and IHRA)
Top Dragster (NHRA and IHRA) In NHRA, these two classes are sometimes run together as Top Comp
Top Fuel Funny Bike (high performance 5 second bikes)
NHRA= summit racing series Super Pro, Pro, and bike.
Junior Dragster (racers between the ages of 8 and 18 may race a half scale version of the sport's fastest car, Top Fuel Dragster. Juniors run as following: 12.90-slower for 8-9 year olds, 10-12 year olds at 8.90, and 13-18 year olds 7.90 and slower at a top speed of 85 mph)
NHRA new class for Juniors is JR COMP running 6.90s at a top speed of 110 miles per hour
A complete listing of all classes can be found on the respective NHRA and IHRA official websites (see external links).
Note dual-plug heads, dual mags, and intake snorkel
In the FIA European Drag Racing Championships a different structure of professional categories is used with Top Fuel Dragster (with a 90% nitromethane mix), Top Methanol (Alcohol) Dragster, Top Methanol (Alcohol) Funny Car, Pro Stock and Pro Modified running as professional championships as well as FIA specifications published for Fuel Funny Car although this does not run as a championship.
The UEM also has a different structure of professional categories with Top Fuel Bike , Super Twin Top Fuel Bike and Pro Stock Bike contested leaving the entire European series with a total of 8 professional categories.
To allow different cars to compete against each other, some competitions are raced on a handicap basis, with faster cars delayed on the start line enough to theoretically even things up with the slower car. This may be based on rule differences between the cars in stock, super stock, and modified classes, or on a competitor's chosen "dial-in" in bracket racing.
Intake scoop strapped down tight in case of popping a blower.
A "dial-in" is a time the driver estimates it will take his or her car to cross the finish line, and is generally displayed on one or more windows so the starter can adjust the starting lights on the "Christmas tree" (commonly just "tree") accordingly. The slower car will then get a head start equal to the difference in the two dial-ins, so that if both cars perform perfectly, they would cross the finish line dead even. If either car goes faster than its dial-in (called breaking out),it is disqualified regardless of who has the lowest elapsed time; if both cars break out, the one who breaks out by the smallest amount wins. This eliminates any advantage from putting a slower time on the windshield to get a head start. The effect of the bracket racing rules is to place a premium on consistency of performance of the driver and car rather than on raw speed, in that victory goes to the driver able to precisely predict elapsed time, whether it is fast or slow. This in turn makes victory much less dependent on large infusions of money, and more dependent on skill. Therefore, bracket racing is popular with casual weekend racers. Many of these recreational racers will drive their vehicles to the track, race them, and then simply drive them home. Most tracks do not host national events every week, and on the interim weekends host local casual and weekend racers. Organizationally, however, the tracks are run according to the rules of either the NHRA or the IHRA (for the most part). Even street vehicles must pass a safety inspection prior to being allowed to race.
Besides NHRA and IHRA, there are niche organizations for muscle cars and nostalgia vehicles. The National Electric Drag Racing Association (NEDRA) races electric vehicles against high performance gasoline-powered vehicles such as Dodge Vipers or classic muscle cars in ¼ and 1/8 mile races. The current electric drag racing record is 7.824s for a quarter mile. Another niche organisation is the VWDRC which run a VW-only championship with vehicles running under 7 seconds. A top fuel dragster produces 8000 horse power and can go from 0 to 320 mph in 5 seconds
[edit] Drag racing performance facts
The fastest top fuelers can attain terminal speeds of over 530 km/h (330 mph) while covering the quarter mile (402 m) distance in roughly 4.45 seconds. It is often related that Top Fuel dragsters are the fastest accelerating vehicles on Earth; quicker even than the space shuttle launch vehicle or catapult-assisted jet fighter (however this ignores the hydrogen peroxide rocket dragsters such as Sammy Miller and Kitty O'Neil's 3.22 ET and 663 km/h (412 mph) quarter mile world records set in 1977). In fact, a vehicle traveling at a steady 200 mph (322 km/h) as it crosses the starting line will be beaten to the finish line by a top fuel dragster starting from a dead stop at the same moment. Additionally, through the use of large multiple braking parachutes, the astounding performance of 0 to 531 km/h (0 to 330 mph) and then back to 0 in 20 seconds can be obtained. Using twin drag parachutes, deceleration of up to 5 G can be attained, enough to cause detached retinae[2]. The legendary Don Garlits, holder of multiple records (first 200 mph (320 km/h) run, first 270 mph (430 km/h) run...) had to retire because of a detached retina.
The faster categories of drag racing are an impressive spectacle, with engines of over five MW (6700 horsepower) and noise outputs to match (measured at 3.9 on the Richter scale by seismologist Dr. Doug Brittsan), cars that look like bizarre parodies of standard street cars (funny cars), and the ritual of burnouts where, prior to the actual timed run, the competitors cause their car's driving wheels to spin while stationary or moving forward slowly, thus heating up the tires to proper working temperature and laying down a sticky coat of rubber on the track surface ( which may have been coated with VHT Trackbite or similar to increase traction) to get optimum grip on the all-important launch.
The Blown Alcohol and nitrous oxide-injected Pro Modifieds with their 1500 kW (2012 hp) motors are capable of running in the low six second range at over 370 km/h (230 mph). The IHRA Pro Stocks are just behind, running in the 6.3 second range at over 346 km/h (215 mph), while the NHRA Pro Stocks run in the high sixes at over 322 km/h (200 mph). Top Sportsman and Top Dragster, the two fastest sportsman classes, run a bracket style race and can range from high sevens at over 274 km/h (170 mph) to 6.4s at 210 mph (340 km/h). Super Comp/Quick Rod are either dragsters or doorslammers, but run with a throttle stop. Some cars can run as low as a 7.50 at around 180 mph (290 km/h) without a throttle stop, but use it in order to hit an 8.900 index. Super Gas/Super Rod and Super Street/Hot Rod run with a 9.900 and 10.900 index respectfully, but both run with a throttle stop.
Another class of car is the Sport Compact class that use their power to weight ratio to get performance. The FIAT Topolino was the first to be used this way, in the notorious AA/FA, or Fuel Altered, followed by the more conventional modified VW Beetle. A turbocharger or supercharger is very common, and often necessary to break the 12-second barrier. Cars have progressed rapidly though and can now even run seven second quarter miles.
In 2001, the NHRA bought out NIRA and renamed it the Sport Compact category featuring such cars, and while Toyota, Honda, Nissan, and Subaru are very popular, the NHRA has also permitted General Motors, Ford, and DaimlerChrysler cars to participate in Sport Compact.
With NHRA rule changes in recent years making Pro Stock cars more compact, a change from an 8.2 L (500 cubic inch) V-8 engine to a modified factory four or six cylinder double overhead camshaft engine can easily convert a Pro Stock car to Sport Compact Pro Rear Wheel Drive car. The cars are separated by performance, and since 2003 categories have been split based on the car's drive wheels. Ironically, almost all NHRA Sport Compact records for elapsed time and speed are held by General Motors and Ford cars, rather than the imports.
[edit] Drag racing strategies and methods
The various strategies used in drag racing begin with the car itself. Performance enhancements must comply both with NHRA/IHRA rules and restrictions based on the class the car is running in. Some common enhancements include the use of slicks (smooth, soft tires that grip the track), methods for introducing more air into the motor such as turbochargers, superchargers, and nitrous oxide (N2O), specialized fuels (higher octane gas, methanol, etc...), improved suspensions, and a multitude of others.
[edit] The burnout
Example of a burn-out before staging at Hockenheimring, Germany. Note the amount of smoke
When approaching the starting line (also known as the staging area), most racers will apply water (formerly thought to be bleach by spectators but was always water in old bleach bottles) to the driven tires either by backing into a small puddle (the "bleach box" or "water box") or having it sprayed on. The car then exits the water and does a burnout to heat the tires, making them even stickier. Some cars have a mandatory "line-lock" which prevents the rear brakes from engaging when the brake pedal is depressed (which can be toggled on and off). This allows the car to remain stationary (with the brakes applied) without burning up the rear brake pads while doing a burnout. Cars in street classes (which must be street legal) are the only exception to this pre-race ritual, as the grooved tires tend to retain some of the water.
[edit] Staging
After the burn-out comes the "staging phase", where the cars pull up to the starting line. Each lane has its own string of lights on the "Christmas tree", with two small orange lights on top. These are the "pre-staged" and "staged" lights. The two cars will slowly creep forward until the first (pre-staged) orange light is lit. This means they are very close to the actual starting line (a mere 7 inches). Then the cars will nudge forward until the second (staged) light is lit. This indicates they are at the starting line, this is the point where the driver will apply the "line-lock" to prevent the car from rolling while he uses the clutch and gas pedals. When both cars have lit both bulbs, the starter will engage the Christmas tree. If the racer moves too far the top bulb will go out and the driver is said to have "deep staged". While some drivers prefer this technique, some tracks and classes prohibit it. An advantage can be had, by deepstaging, in gaining a quicker reaction time (RT) but at the expense of the elapsed time (ET) and MPH achieved at the top end of the track; there is also a higher risk of "red lighting". A loose etiquette is followed when staging. The driver to illuminate the first light will wait for the second car to light both bulbs before advancing to the staged light.
[edit] The tree
Once the competitors have both staged, the starter presses a button to start the race. There are two types of tree used. A sportsman tree, used for bracket and handicap racing, consists of each yellow lighting 0.5 seconds after the one above it. The green comes on 0.5 seconds after the last yellow is lit. If the race is a handicap race each side of the tree will have its own timing. A pro tree consists of all three yellows being illuminated at the same time, followed by the green 0.4 seconds later. This type of tree is used for professional and heads-up racing. It should be noted that some tracks run a Pro-style tree for bracket racing during special "Street Racing" bracket events.
[edit] The race
Several things are important on the way down the track in drag racing. The first is not to cross into the opponent's lane, as this will result in disqualification. In case of a double disqualification in which one driver commits a foul start and the second driver crosses into his opponent's lane, the driver who committed the foul start wins. Another important consideration is when to shift gears. Most drag cars are shifted manually by the driver, and there are optimum times for shifting that vary with each car. Typically, power will increase as the engine RPMs (revolutions per minute) increase, but only up to a point before power begins to taper off. The ideal time to shift is when the descending power curve for the lower gear crosses the ascending power curve for the higher gear. Most drag racers use a tachometer to judge shift points. In Fuel classes especially, "pedalling" the car (adjusting the throttle) to prevent loss of traction is often important and one measure of how good a driver is.
Strategies for crossing the finish line usually only involve bracket racing (see above). If one car has a huge lead, it may slow down before crossing the finish line to prevent a breakout. Especially in bracket racing, it is not uncommon to see the leading vehicle's brake lights come on briefly before the finish line. The term "sandbagging" is used in races where the driver in a bracket race puts a slower "dial in" (the predicted E.T.) that he/she could run and then at the finish line tap the brakes lightly or lift of the gas pedal to reduce the E.T. to run as close as possible to the dial in.
If both cars break out, the car closer to their dial-in wins. In NHRA Junior Dragster racing, however, there is a maximum elapsed time where a car which is faster than the maximum permissible time is ejected from the entire race. This is faster than the official break out elapsed time.
[edit] Glossary
The Wheelie bar (foreground) and parachute (gray) on a Kenny Bernstein Top Fuel dragster
Beam—starting line electric eye controlling "pre-staged" and "staged" lights
Blow—supercharge; wreck. Said of an engine.
Blower—supercharger (occasionally turbocharger); in '90s, generally grouped as "power adder" with turbocharger and nitrous
Blown—supercharged; wrecked. Said of an engine.
Blowover—flipping of a car, due to air under car lifting front wheels. Commonly suffered by dragsters
Breakout—running quicker than dial-in; also "breaking out". Grounds for disqualification if opponent does not commit a foul start or cross boundary lines.
Christmas Tree (or tree) — The series of lights that signal the approach and start of a race in addition to showing starting violations
Dial-in—when bracket racing, drivers must estimate or 'dial in' the time in which they expect to run. Therefore two unmatched cars in weight and power can compete, by a handicap system. If one runs a faster time than dialed in, it is a breakout.
Digger—dragster (as distinct from a bodied car or flopper)
Doorslammer—Pro Stock, Pro Mod, or other car with doors, from the requirement to have working doors.
Flopper—Funny Car, short for "fender flopper." Coined by dragster crews in the late 1960s to separate Funny Cars, which had fiberglass bodies with fenders, from dragsters. Erroneously attributed to flip-top bodies of Funny Cars.
Fuel—mix of methanol and nitromethane ("pop", nitro); race class using it
Fueler—any car running fuel or in Fuel class (most often, TFD or TF/FC)
Holeshot—getting a significant advantage off the starting line. The other driver gets "holeshotted" or "left at the tree". A "holeshot win" is any win in a heads-up class where a slower car beats a faster car because of better reaction time.
Hook Up—Good traction between tires and track resulting in increased acceleration and reduced slipping or smoking of tires.
Grenade—wreck an engine (the engine "grenaded") due to internal failure. Distinct from "popping a blower".
Lit the tires—lost traction, causing smoke
Nitro—nitromethane (sometimes incorrectly used to refer to nitrous oxide)
Overdrive-The ratio between the revolutions of the supercharger to the revolutions of the engine, controlling amount of boost; see underdrive
Oil Down-When a car's engine or lubrication breaks during a run, leaving a streak of oil and other fluids on the track. This is punishable by fines, point penalties, and / or suspension.
Pedalling—working the throttle to avoid lighting the tires, or as a way to sandbag; "pedalled" it, had to "pedal" it
Pro tree—timing lights which flash all three yellow lights simultaneously, and after four tenths of a second, turn green.
Put on the trailer—lost (got "put on the trailer") or won (put the other driver on the trailer). From the obvious, losing drivers trailer their cars home.
Quick 8 (Q8) Quickest eight cars in a defined race. Rules appear to can differ per location/race. Search for "Quick 8 rules" for more.
Rail—dragster (as distinct from bodied car or flopper). From the exposed frame rails of early cars.
Redlight(ed) a.k.a. bulb(ed)—jump(ed) the start, left before tree turned green. This is a loss unless a more serious (opponent crossing the center boundary line) foul occurs.
Slapper bar-traction bar
Slicks—rear tires with no tread pattern and softer rubber compound, for increased traction
Slingshot—early front-engined dragster, named for the driving position behind the rear wheels (erroneously attributed to launch speed)
Standard tree—timing lights which flash in sequence five tenths of a second between each yellow light before turning green. Traditional form, before introduction of Pro tree.
Throw a belt-losing the drive belt connecting the engine's crankshaft to the supercharger
Top end—finish line of strip; high part of engine's rev band.
Traction bars—rear struts fixed to rear axle to keep rear axle from twisting, causing wheel hop and loss of traction; also called slapper bars.
Trap(s)—the 20 meter (66 ft) timing lights at top end of race track to measure speed & E.T.
Tire shake-violent shaking of the car as the tires lose and regain traction in quick succession.
Wheelie bars—rear struts fixed to rear axle, which protrude out to rear of car to help prevent car's front from rasing too high or flipping over on launch.
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This article needs additional citations for verification.Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2007)
Drag racing is a sport in which cars or motorcycles race down a track with a set distance as fast as possible.
While usually thought of as an American and Canadian pastime, drag racing is also very popular in Australia, New Zealand, Japan, the Caribbean in particular Aruba, Mexico, Greece, Malta, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and Scandinavian countries especially Finland and Sweden. At any given time there are over 325 drag strips operating world-wide[citation needed].
Contents[hide]
1 Basics of drag racing
2 Racing organization
3 Drag racing performance facts
4 Drag racing strategies and methods
4.1 The burnout
4.2 Staging
4.3 The tree
4.4 The race
5 Glossary
6 References
7 External links
//
[edit] Basics of drag racing
A drag race pits two vehicles against each other over a straight, measured distance from a standing start. The standard distances are either a quarter-mile (1,320 feet/402.3 m) or an eighth-mile (660 feet/201 m). A standard drag racing event involves several classes, each competing in their own single-elimination tournament of head-to-head races.
Before each race (also known as a "pass"), each driver is allowed to perform a burnout (which heats the tires and lays rubber down at the beginning of the track, improving traction), then lines up (or "stages") at the starting line. Informal drag races can be started by any means, including flag-waving and arm-dropping. Professional drag races are started electronically, with a series of vertically-arranged lights known as a Christmas Tree. A Christmas Tree consists of a column of lights for each driver/lane. In each column, the top two lights are small amber lights connected to light beams on the track, which when broken by the vehicle's front tire(s) indicate that the driver has pre-staged (approximately 7 inches from the starting line) and then staged (at the starting line).[1]
Below the staging lights are three large amber lights, a green light, and a red light. When both drivers are staged, the tree is activated to start the race, which causes the three large amber lights to illuminate, followed by the green light. There are two standard light sequences: Either the three amber lights flash simultaneously, followed 0.4 seconds later by the green light (a "Pro" tree), or the amber lights light in sequence from top to bottom, 0.5 seconds apart, followed 0.5 seconds later by the green light (a "Sportsman" or full tree). If the driver leaves the starting line before the green light illuminates, the red light for that driver's lane illuminates instead, indicating disqualification.
Several measurements are taken for each race: reaction time, elapsed time, and speed. Reaction time is the time from the green light illuminating to the vehicle leaving the starting line. Elapsed time is the time from the vehicle leaving the starting line to crossing the finish line. Speed is measured through a speed trap near the finish line, indicating the approximate maximum speed of the vehicle during the run.
The winner is the first vehicle to cross the finish line (and therefore the driver with the lowest total reaction time + elapsed time). The elapsed time is a measure of performance only; it does not, per se, determine the winner. Because elapsed time does not include reaction time, a car with a faster elapsed time can actually lose the race if the driver does not react to the green light fast enough. In practice, it is advantageous for the driver to "jump the gun" by a fraction of a second, starting the car during the split-second interval between when the yellow light goes out and the green light goes on. However, if the car leaves the front light beam before the green light comes on, the driver has "red-lighted" (because the red light is lit on the Christmas Tree) and should no further fouls happen during the race, is disqualified. Once a driver commits a red-light foul, the other driver can also commit a foul start by leaving the line too early but would win because he or she would leave the line slower. A driver who gets a substantial lead at the start is said to have gotten a "holeshot". A win where a driver wins a race with a higher elapsed time but lower reaction time is known as a "holeshot win".
It is also possible for a driver to be disqualified for other infractions, depending on the rules of the race, including crossing the centerline between lanes, touching a wall, striking a track fixture, failing to stage, failing a tech inspection, or running faster than expected/allowed for the assigned class.
In the common Eliminator racing format, the losing vehicle and driver are removed from the contest, while the winner goes on to race other winners, until only one is left. In cases where a driver has no opponent for a round, the driver makes a solo pass or "bye run" (in order to at least partially eliminate the advantage that would otherwise come from the engine having one less run on it) to advance to the next round. In most Eliminator formats, the bye runs take place only in the first round. On bye runs, some drivers may choose to drive slowly so as not to stress the car unduly, though choice of lane in the each round is often determined by time in the previous round, making this strategy possibly detrimental. Unlike the NHRA, many European events feature a consolation race where the losers of the semifinal rounds race for third place, the final spot on the podium, and standings points.
During drag racing events, vehicles are classified by various criteria that take into account the extent of modifications to the car. These criteria include engine capacity, configuration of cylinders, frame type, vehicle construction materials, wheelbase, horsepower to weight ratio, number of cylinders, whether or not power adding devices such as turbochargers, superchargers or nitrous oxide are employed, vehicle type (such as car, truck, et cetera), or even make and model for limited entry fields. The aforementioned divisions are in place to ensure that the cars are evenly matched during the race. (not all of these can apply)
Drag racing vehicles are special in that they are modified to be lighter and more powerful than in their standard form. A lighter vehicle means that the power-to-weight ratio is increased and hence a greater acceleration will be achieved. Power increases vary depending on the extent of the modifications to the engine.
Flopper with body up. Note single-plug heads.
[edit] Racing organization
The National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) oversees the majority of drag racing events in North America. The next largest organization, Live Nation's International Hot Rod Association (IHRA), is about one-third the size of NHRA. Nearly all drag strips are associated with one sanctioning body or the other. The NHRA is more popular with large, 1/4th mile nationally-recognized tracks, while the IHRA is a favorite of smaller 1/8th mile local tracks (and offers selected races on their national tour under the 1/8th mile format. One reason for this (among others) is the IHRA is less restrictive in its rules, such as rules on nitrous oxide (legal in Pro Modified) and oversized engines (no 8.2 liter / 500cid engine restriction in the IHRA's Pro Stock category) and less expensive to be associated, as the IHRA is part of a publicly traded company.
Prior To the founding of the NHRA and IHRA smaller organizations sanctioned drag racing in the early years. The first commercially sanctioned drag race on the east coast was reputed to have been held at Longview Speedway (now Old Dominion Speedway) in Manassas, VA. Old Dominion Speedway is currently sanctioned by the SBRA (Southern Bracket Racing Association).
Caterpiller-sponsored dragster. Note wide slicks and high-mounted wing, to assist traction.
There are literally hundreds of different classes in drag racing, each with different requirements and restrictions on things such as weight, engine size, body style, modifications, and many others. NHRA and IHRA share some of these classes, but many are solely used by one sanctioning body or the other. The NHRA boasts over 200 classes, while the IHRA has fewer. Some IHRA classes have multiple sub-classes in them to differentiate by engine components and other features. There is even a class for aspiring youngsters - Junior Dragster.
In 1997, the FIA (cars) and UEM (bikes) began sanctioning drag racing in Europe with a fully established European Drag Racing Championship, in cooperation (and rules compliance) with NHRA. The major European drag strips include Santa Pod Raceway in Podington, England, Alastaro Circuit, Finland, Mantorp Park, Sweden, Gardermoen Raceway, Norway and the Hockenheimring in Germany.
However, there are only 5 pro classes in North America (4 NHRA, 4 IHRA), which are:
Top Fuel Dragster (TF/D) (NHRA and IHRA). The rail dragsters, or "diggers", the fastest class-- up to 90% nitromethane fuel is used.
Top Fuel Funny Car (TF/FC) (NHRA and IHRA) Nearly as fast as the diggers, the "floppers" (marginally) resemble actual cars. IHRA will be bringing back Top Fuel Funny Car in 2006, and Top Alcohol Funny Car (A/FC) is already a pro category in IHRA.
Pro Modified (Pro Mod) Some engine restrictions, very high power. Cars can run superchargers or nitrous oxide. Cars running blowers are limited to 8.6 L (527 cubic inches) while cars with nitrous oxide can run up to 12.1 L (740 cubic inches).
Pro Stock (NHRA and IHRA) Must maintain stock appearance. NHRA cars can run no more than 8.2 L (500 cubic inches) while IHRA cars can run a maximum of 13.4 L (820 cubic inches) ("Mountain Motors").
Pro Stock Bike (NHRA only) Heavily modified motorcycles.
Altered Vision, a modern, long-wheelbase fuellie altered
In addition to the professional classes, these are some other popular classes:
Top Alcohol Dragster
Pro FWD
Super Comp/Quick Rod
Super Gas/Super Rod
Super Street/Hot Rod
Super Stock
Stock
Sport Compact
Top Sportsman (NHRA and IHRA)
Top Dragster (NHRA and IHRA) In NHRA, these two classes are sometimes run together as Top Comp
Top Fuel Funny Bike (high performance 5 second bikes)
NHRA= summit racing series Super Pro, Pro, and bike.
Junior Dragster (racers between the ages of 8 and 18 may race a half scale version of the sport's fastest car, Top Fuel Dragster. Juniors run as following: 12.90-slower for 8-9 year olds, 10-12 year olds at 8.90, and 13-18 year olds 7.90 and slower at a top speed of 85 mph)
NHRA new class for Juniors is JR COMP running 6.90s at a top speed of 110 miles per hour
A complete listing of all classes can be found on the respective NHRA and IHRA official websites (see external links).
Note dual-plug heads, dual mags, and intake snorkel
In the FIA European Drag Racing Championships a different structure of professional categories is used with Top Fuel Dragster (with a 90% nitromethane mix), Top Methanol (Alcohol) Dragster, Top Methanol (Alcohol) Funny Car, Pro Stock and Pro Modified running as professional championships as well as FIA specifications published for Fuel Funny Car although this does not run as a championship.
The UEM also has a different structure of professional categories with Top Fuel Bike , Super Twin Top Fuel Bike and Pro Stock Bike contested leaving the entire European series with a total of 8 professional categories.
To allow different cars to compete against each other, some competitions are raced on a handicap basis, with faster cars delayed on the start line enough to theoretically even things up with the slower car. This may be based on rule differences between the cars in stock, super stock, and modified classes, or on a competitor's chosen "dial-in" in bracket racing.
Intake scoop strapped down tight in case of popping a blower.
A "dial-in" is a time the driver estimates it will take his or her car to cross the finish line, and is generally displayed on one or more windows so the starter can adjust the starting lights on the "Christmas tree" (commonly just "tree") accordingly. The slower car will then get a head start equal to the difference in the two dial-ins, so that if both cars perform perfectly, they would cross the finish line dead even. If either car goes faster than its dial-in (called breaking out),it is disqualified regardless of who has the lowest elapsed time; if both cars break out, the one who breaks out by the smallest amount wins. This eliminates any advantage from putting a slower time on the windshield to get a head start. The effect of the bracket racing rules is to place a premium on consistency of performance of the driver and car rather than on raw speed, in that victory goes to the driver able to precisely predict elapsed time, whether it is fast or slow. This in turn makes victory much less dependent on large infusions of money, and more dependent on skill. Therefore, bracket racing is popular with casual weekend racers. Many of these recreational racers will drive their vehicles to the track, race them, and then simply drive them home. Most tracks do not host national events every week, and on the interim weekends host local casual and weekend racers. Organizationally, however, the tracks are run according to the rules of either the NHRA or the IHRA (for the most part). Even street vehicles must pass a safety inspection prior to being allowed to race.
Besides NHRA and IHRA, there are niche organizations for muscle cars and nostalgia vehicles. The National Electric Drag Racing Association (NEDRA) races electric vehicles against high performance gasoline-powered vehicles such as Dodge Vipers or classic muscle cars in ¼ and 1/8 mile races. The current electric drag racing record is 7.824s for a quarter mile. Another niche organisation is the VWDRC which run a VW-only championship with vehicles running under 7 seconds. A top fuel dragster produces 8000 horse power and can go from 0 to 320 mph in 5 seconds
[edit] Drag racing performance facts
The fastest top fuelers can attain terminal speeds of over 530 km/h (330 mph) while covering the quarter mile (402 m) distance in roughly 4.45 seconds. It is often related that Top Fuel dragsters are the fastest accelerating vehicles on Earth; quicker even than the space shuttle launch vehicle or catapult-assisted jet fighter (however this ignores the hydrogen peroxide rocket dragsters such as Sammy Miller and Kitty O'Neil's 3.22 ET and 663 km/h (412 mph) quarter mile world records set in 1977). In fact, a vehicle traveling at a steady 200 mph (322 km/h) as it crosses the starting line will be beaten to the finish line by a top fuel dragster starting from a dead stop at the same moment. Additionally, through the use of large multiple braking parachutes, the astounding performance of 0 to 531 km/h (0 to 330 mph) and then back to 0 in 20 seconds can be obtained. Using twin drag parachutes, deceleration of up to 5 G can be attained, enough to cause detached retinae[2]. The legendary Don Garlits, holder of multiple records (first 200 mph (320 km/h) run, first 270 mph (430 km/h) run...) had to retire because of a detached retina.
The faster categories of drag racing are an impressive spectacle, with engines of over five MW (6700 horsepower) and noise outputs to match (measured at 3.9 on the Richter scale by seismologist Dr. Doug Brittsan), cars that look like bizarre parodies of standard street cars (funny cars), and the ritual of burnouts where, prior to the actual timed run, the competitors cause their car's driving wheels to spin while stationary or moving forward slowly, thus heating up the tires to proper working temperature and laying down a sticky coat of rubber on the track surface ( which may have been coated with VHT Trackbite or similar to increase traction) to get optimum grip on the all-important launch.
The Blown Alcohol and nitrous oxide-injected Pro Modifieds with their 1500 kW (2012 hp) motors are capable of running in the low six second range at over 370 km/h (230 mph). The IHRA Pro Stocks are just behind, running in the 6.3 second range at over 346 km/h (215 mph), while the NHRA Pro Stocks run in the high sixes at over 322 km/h (200 mph). Top Sportsman and Top Dragster, the two fastest sportsman classes, run a bracket style race and can range from high sevens at over 274 km/h (170 mph) to 6.4s at 210 mph (340 km/h). Super Comp/Quick Rod are either dragsters or doorslammers, but run with a throttle stop. Some cars can run as low as a 7.50 at around 180 mph (290 km/h) without a throttle stop, but use it in order to hit an 8.900 index. Super Gas/Super Rod and Super Street/Hot Rod run with a 9.900 and 10.900 index respectfully, but both run with a throttle stop.
Another class of car is the Sport Compact class that use their power to weight ratio to get performance. The FIAT Topolino was the first to be used this way, in the notorious AA/FA, or Fuel Altered, followed by the more conventional modified VW Beetle. A turbocharger or supercharger is very common, and often necessary to break the 12-second barrier. Cars have progressed rapidly though and can now even run seven second quarter miles.
In 2001, the NHRA bought out NIRA and renamed it the Sport Compact category featuring such cars, and while Toyota, Honda, Nissan, and Subaru are very popular, the NHRA has also permitted General Motors, Ford, and DaimlerChrysler cars to participate in Sport Compact.
With NHRA rule changes in recent years making Pro Stock cars more compact, a change from an 8.2 L (500 cubic inch) V-8 engine to a modified factory four or six cylinder double overhead camshaft engine can easily convert a Pro Stock car to Sport Compact Pro Rear Wheel Drive car. The cars are separated by performance, and since 2003 categories have been split based on the car's drive wheels. Ironically, almost all NHRA Sport Compact records for elapsed time and speed are held by General Motors and Ford cars, rather than the imports.
[edit] Drag racing strategies and methods
The various strategies used in drag racing begin with the car itself. Performance enhancements must comply both with NHRA/IHRA rules and restrictions based on the class the car is running in. Some common enhancements include the use of slicks (smooth, soft tires that grip the track), methods for introducing more air into the motor such as turbochargers, superchargers, and nitrous oxide (N2O), specialized fuels (higher octane gas, methanol, etc...), improved suspensions, and a multitude of others.
[edit] The burnout
Example of a burn-out before staging at Hockenheimring, Germany. Note the amount of smoke
When approaching the starting line (also known as the staging area), most racers will apply water (formerly thought to be bleach by spectators but was always water in old bleach bottles) to the driven tires either by backing into a small puddle (the "bleach box" or "water box") or having it sprayed on. The car then exits the water and does a burnout to heat the tires, making them even stickier. Some cars have a mandatory "line-lock" which prevents the rear brakes from engaging when the brake pedal is depressed (which can be toggled on and off). This allows the car to remain stationary (with the brakes applied) without burning up the rear brake pads while doing a burnout. Cars in street classes (which must be street legal) are the only exception to this pre-race ritual, as the grooved tires tend to retain some of the water.
[edit] Staging
After the burn-out comes the "staging phase", where the cars pull up to the starting line. Each lane has its own string of lights on the "Christmas tree", with two small orange lights on top. These are the "pre-staged" and "staged" lights. The two cars will slowly creep forward until the first (pre-staged) orange light is lit. This means they are very close to the actual starting line (a mere 7 inches). Then the cars will nudge forward until the second (staged) light is lit. This indicates they are at the starting line, this is the point where the driver will apply the "line-lock" to prevent the car from rolling while he uses the clutch and gas pedals. When both cars have lit both bulbs, the starter will engage the Christmas tree. If the racer moves too far the top bulb will go out and the driver is said to have "deep staged". While some drivers prefer this technique, some tracks and classes prohibit it. An advantage can be had, by deepstaging, in gaining a quicker reaction time (RT) but at the expense of the elapsed time (ET) and MPH achieved at the top end of the track; there is also a higher risk of "red lighting". A loose etiquette is followed when staging. The driver to illuminate the first light will wait for the second car to light both bulbs before advancing to the staged light.
[edit] The tree
Once the competitors have both staged, the starter presses a button to start the race. There are two types of tree used. A sportsman tree, used for bracket and handicap racing, consists of each yellow lighting 0.5 seconds after the one above it. The green comes on 0.5 seconds after the last yellow is lit. If the race is a handicap race each side of the tree will have its own timing. A pro tree consists of all three yellows being illuminated at the same time, followed by the green 0.4 seconds later. This type of tree is used for professional and heads-up racing. It should be noted that some tracks run a Pro-style tree for bracket racing during special "Street Racing" bracket events.
[edit] The race
Several things are important on the way down the track in drag racing. The first is not to cross into the opponent's lane, as this will result in disqualification. In case of a double disqualification in which one driver commits a foul start and the second driver crosses into his opponent's lane, the driver who committed the foul start wins. Another important consideration is when to shift gears. Most drag cars are shifted manually by the driver, and there are optimum times for shifting that vary with each car. Typically, power will increase as the engine RPMs (revolutions per minute) increase, but only up to a point before power begins to taper off. The ideal time to shift is when the descending power curve for the lower gear crosses the ascending power curve for the higher gear. Most drag racers use a tachometer to judge shift points. In Fuel classes especially, "pedalling" the car (adjusting the throttle) to prevent loss of traction is often important and one measure of how good a driver is.
Strategies for crossing the finish line usually only involve bracket racing (see above). If one car has a huge lead, it may slow down before crossing the finish line to prevent a breakout. Especially in bracket racing, it is not uncommon to see the leading vehicle's brake lights come on briefly before the finish line. The term "sandbagging" is used in races where the driver in a bracket race puts a slower "dial in" (the predicted E.T.) that he/she could run and then at the finish line tap the brakes lightly or lift of the gas pedal to reduce the E.T. to run as close as possible to the dial in.
If both cars break out, the car closer to their dial-in wins. In NHRA Junior Dragster racing, however, there is a maximum elapsed time where a car which is faster than the maximum permissible time is ejected from the entire race. This is faster than the official break out elapsed time.
[edit] Glossary
The Wheelie bar (foreground) and parachute (gray) on a Kenny Bernstein Top Fuel dragster
Beam—starting line electric eye controlling "pre-staged" and "staged" lights
Blow—supercharge; wreck. Said of an engine.
Blower—supercharger (occasionally turbocharger); in '90s, generally grouped as "power adder" with turbocharger and nitrous
Blown—supercharged; wrecked. Said of an engine.
Blowover—flipping of a car, due to air under car lifting front wheels. Commonly suffered by dragsters
Breakout—running quicker than dial-in; also "breaking out". Grounds for disqualification if opponent does not commit a foul start or cross boundary lines.
Christmas Tree (or tree) — The series of lights that signal the approach and start of a race in addition to showing starting violations
Dial-in—when bracket racing, drivers must estimate or 'dial in' the time in which they expect to run. Therefore two unmatched cars in weight and power can compete, by a handicap system. If one runs a faster time than dialed in, it is a breakout.
Digger—dragster (as distinct from a bodied car or flopper)
Doorslammer—Pro Stock, Pro Mod, or other car with doors, from the requirement to have working doors.
Flopper—Funny Car, short for "fender flopper." Coined by dragster crews in the late 1960s to separate Funny Cars, which had fiberglass bodies with fenders, from dragsters. Erroneously attributed to flip-top bodies of Funny Cars.
Fuel—mix of methanol and nitromethane ("pop", nitro); race class using it
Fueler—any car running fuel or in Fuel class (most often, TFD or TF/FC)
Holeshot—getting a significant advantage off the starting line. The other driver gets "holeshotted" or "left at the tree". A "holeshot win" is any win in a heads-up class where a slower car beats a faster car because of better reaction time.
Hook Up—Good traction between tires and track resulting in increased acceleration and reduced slipping or smoking of tires.
Grenade—wreck an engine (the engine "grenaded") due to internal failure. Distinct from "popping a blower".
Lit the tires—lost traction, causing smoke
Nitro—nitromethane (sometimes incorrectly used to refer to nitrous oxide)
Overdrive-The ratio between the revolutions of the supercharger to the revolutions of the engine, controlling amount of boost; see underdrive
Oil Down-When a car's engine or lubrication breaks during a run, leaving a streak of oil and other fluids on the track. This is punishable by fines, point penalties, and / or suspension.
Pedalling—working the throttle to avoid lighting the tires, or as a way to sandbag; "pedalled" it, had to "pedal" it
Pro tree—timing lights which flash all three yellow lights simultaneously, and after four tenths of a second, turn green.
Put on the trailer—lost (got "put on the trailer") or won (put the other driver on the trailer). From the obvious, losing drivers trailer their cars home.
Quick 8 (Q8) Quickest eight cars in a defined race. Rules appear to can differ per location/race. Search for "Quick 8 rules" for more.
Rail—dragster (as distinct from bodied car or flopper). From the exposed frame rails of early cars.
Redlight(ed) a.k.a. bulb(ed)—jump(ed) the start, left before tree turned green. This is a loss unless a more serious (opponent crossing the center boundary line) foul occurs.
Slapper bar-traction bar
Slicks—rear tires with no tread pattern and softer rubber compound, for increased traction
Slingshot—early front-engined dragster, named for the driving position behind the rear wheels (erroneously attributed to launch speed)
Standard tree—timing lights which flash in sequence five tenths of a second between each yellow light before turning green. Traditional form, before introduction of Pro tree.
Throw a belt-losing the drive belt connecting the engine's crankshaft to the supercharger
Top end—finish line of strip; high part of engine's rev band.
Traction bars—rear struts fixed to rear axle to keep rear axle from twisting, causing wheel hop and loss of traction; also called slapper bars.
Trap(s)—the 20 meter (66 ft) timing lights at top end of race track to measure speed & E.T.
Tire shake-violent shaking of the car as the tires lose and regain traction in quick succession.
Wheelie bars—rear struts fixed to rear axle, which protrude out to rear of car to help prevent car's front from rasing too high or flipping over on launch.
Jumat, 16 Mei 2008
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Think about your readers
First, think about your readers. Many readers of Simple English are people whose mother language is not English. Other readers may be young (they may be children) or have learning difficulties. The language is simple, but the ideas don't have to be.
Basic English and Voice Of America Special English
Simple English Wikipedia follows some of the rules of Basic English, but is not so strict about using only a certain number of words. Simple English is still changing, and does not have only one word list. A good starting point to writing in Simple English is to learn to write using Basic English words. This helps you to write with a limited vocabulary.
Start with Basic English (BE) 850. Let us say that your readers know the BE 850 words. If your writing sounds strange, or is not clear, use a less common word. The less common word may be in BE 1500 or Voice Of America (VOA) Special English.
Example
The example below shows why we do not insist on using only Basic English words. The full English sentence is from Winston Churchill:
Full English: "I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat."
Basic English [BE 850]: "... blood, hard work, drops from eyes, and body water."
"Blood" is a BE 850 word.
"Hard work" is good for those who understand English as their mother language. But a learner could understand the word "hard" as "solid" or "difficult to understand". Perhaps "much work" is better.
"Drops from eyes" sounds strange to people whose mother language is English. "Tears" is a BE 1500 word, and you can use it.
"Body water" also sounds strange to a person whose mother language is English. "Sweat" and "perspiration" both sound better. "Sweat" is a more common word, and you can use it by linking to the article on sweat. Often, for difficult words that are from Latin (like "perspiration") there will also be a native (Old English or Anglo-Saxon) word like "sweat" meaning the same thing, that is much more common and basic, but this is not always the case.
Another way is to write the more difficult words, but explain what they mean in parentheses if they cannot be linked. For example, write "blood, toil (hard work), tears, and sweat".
Method
Write your words normally, as you would speak to another person.
Look for your words in the word lists. Try to use the simplest word list:
In Basic English BE 850 (pictures)
In Basic English BE 1500.
In VOA Special English Word Book.
If a word is a name, idiomatic (the meaning of the words is not clear from the roots), or jargon (special words used by experts), then it should be described in more detail. Linking to an article about the word can also help.
Stephen Hawking is a cosmologist--someone who studies the structure of the universe (stars and space).
Not all words are encyclopedic. To link to the dictionary definition of a word rather than an encyclopedic article, link to the Simple English Wiktionary using a link like [[wikt:this]] (put your word in place of "this"). For a more complex definition, you may also link to the English Wiktionary like this: [[:en:wikt:this]].
Change to active voice. Example: change from "The bird was eaten by the cat." to "The cat ate the bird."
Look for a Basic English verb in past, present or future only.
For writing special to science or trade, do as asked by the process of AECMA Simplified English (see external link below for International Aerospace Maintenance Language).
After finishing the article, check to have at least one link (to another article in Simple English Wikipedia) and one Interwiki link (to a version of Wikipedia in another language). The first is so the article is not a dead-end article, and the second is so that robots can fill in all the missing links to other language versions.
What not to do
Do not...
Use bad grammar and bad spelling.
Use bad English: This is Simple English, not Bad English.
Use idioms (words or phrases that mean something other than what they say).
Use words you're not sure about without using a dictionary.
Write articles so short that they offer no useful information.
Write in the second person. Good encyclopedia articles are never addressed to "you". Do not make statements about "you".
Put links in titles (or other elements that structure the article). Try to keep the navigation and the structure of an article separate.
See also
E Prime
Wikipedia:Simple talk - discussion
Help:Examples of simpler English
Help:How to edit
Wikipedia:Aids for Writing Simple English
Help:Translate English into Simple English
Other websites
Ogden's Basic English web site
BE 1,500
Supplementary and Special Word Lists
BE Verbs
VOA Special English official web site
International Aerospace Maintenance Language
How to use Microsoft Word to check a document for Basic English
Online utility for checking Basic English text - supports Basic English and various other dictionaries
Writing and Publishing Program: online writing and editing courses (from Simon Fraser University)
WriteIdea: writers' tool for writing simple text. Both java and web-based versions.
Wordcount, a very rough, but easy to use, guide on how often words are used.
Retrieved from "http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_write_Simple_English_articles"
First, think about your readers. Many readers of Simple English are people whose mother language is not English. Other readers may be young (they may be children) or have learning difficulties. The language is simple, but the ideas don't have to be.
Basic English and Voice Of America Special English
Simple English Wikipedia follows some of the rules of Basic English, but is not so strict about using only a certain number of words. Simple English is still changing, and does not have only one word list. A good starting point to writing in Simple English is to learn to write using Basic English words. This helps you to write with a limited vocabulary.
Start with Basic English (BE) 850. Let us say that your readers know the BE 850 words. If your writing sounds strange, or is not clear, use a less common word. The less common word may be in BE 1500 or Voice Of America (VOA) Special English.
Example
The example below shows why we do not insist on using only Basic English words. The full English sentence is from Winston Churchill:
Full English: "I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat."
Basic English [BE 850]: "... blood, hard work, drops from eyes, and body water."
"Blood" is a BE 850 word.
"Hard work" is good for those who understand English as their mother language. But a learner could understand the word "hard" as "solid" or "difficult to understand". Perhaps "much work" is better.
"Drops from eyes" sounds strange to people whose mother language is English. "Tears" is a BE 1500 word, and you can use it.
"Body water" also sounds strange to a person whose mother language is English. "Sweat" and "perspiration" both sound better. "Sweat" is a more common word, and you can use it by linking to the article on sweat. Often, for difficult words that are from Latin (like "perspiration") there will also be a native (Old English or Anglo-Saxon) word like "sweat" meaning the same thing, that is much more common and basic, but this is not always the case.
Another way is to write the more difficult words, but explain what they mean in parentheses if they cannot be linked. For example, write "blood, toil (hard work), tears, and sweat".
Method
Write your words normally, as you would speak to another person.
Look for your words in the word lists. Try to use the simplest word list:
In Basic English BE 850 (pictures)
In Basic English BE 1500.
In VOA Special English Word Book.
If a word is a name, idiomatic (the meaning of the words is not clear from the roots), or jargon (special words used by experts), then it should be described in more detail. Linking to an article about the word can also help.
Stephen Hawking is a cosmologist--someone who studies the structure of the universe (stars and space).
Not all words are encyclopedic. To link to the dictionary definition of a word rather than an encyclopedic article, link to the Simple English Wiktionary using a link like [[wikt:this]] (put your word in place of "this"). For a more complex definition, you may also link to the English Wiktionary like this: [[:en:wikt:this]].
Change to active voice. Example: change from "The bird was eaten by the cat." to "The cat ate the bird."
Look for a Basic English verb in past, present or future only.
For writing special to science or trade, do as asked by the process of AECMA Simplified English (see external link below for International Aerospace Maintenance Language).
After finishing the article, check to have at least one link (to another article in Simple English Wikipedia) and one Interwiki link (to a version of Wikipedia in another language). The first is so the article is not a dead-end article, and the second is so that robots can fill in all the missing links to other language versions.
What not to do
Do not...
Use bad grammar and bad spelling.
Use bad English: This is Simple English, not Bad English.
Use idioms (words or phrases that mean something other than what they say).
Use words you're not sure about without using a dictionary.
Write articles so short that they offer no useful information.
Write in the second person. Good encyclopedia articles are never addressed to "you". Do not make statements about "you".
Put links in titles (or other elements that structure the article). Try to keep the navigation and the structure of an article separate.
See also
E Prime
Wikipedia:Simple talk - discussion
Help:Examples of simpler English
Help:How to edit
Wikipedia:Aids for Writing Simple English
Help:Translate English into Simple English
Other websites
Ogden's Basic English web site
BE 1,500
Supplementary and Special Word Lists
BE Verbs
VOA Special English official web site
International Aerospace Maintenance Language
How to use Microsoft Word to check a document for Basic English
Online utility for checking Basic English text - supports Basic English and various other dictionaries
Writing and Publishing Program: online writing and editing courses (from Simon Fraser University)
WriteIdea: writers' tool for writing simple text. Both java and web-based versions.
Wordcount, a very rough, but easy to use, guide on how often words are used.
Retrieved from "http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_write_Simple_English_articles"
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